Last data update: May 06, 2024. (Total: 46732 publications since 2009)
Records 1-13 (of 13 Records) |
Query Trace: Travers A[original query] |
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Spatial clustering and risk factors for malaria infections and marker of recent exposure to plasmodium falciparum from a household survey in Artibonite, Haiti
Hamre KES , Dismer AM , Rogier E , van den Hoogen LL , Williamson J , Kishore N , Travers A , McGee K , Pierre B , Fouché B , Impoinvil D , Holmes K , Stresman G , Druetz T , Eisele TP , Drakeley C , Lemoine JF , Chang MA . Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023 109 (2) 258-272 Targeting malaria interventions in elimination settings where transmission is heterogeneous is essential to ensure the efficient use of resources. Identifying the most important risk factors among persons experiencing a range of exposure can facilitate such targeting. A cross-sectional household survey was conducted in Artibonite, Haiti, to identify and characterize spatial clustering of malaria infections. Household members (N = 21,813) from 6,962 households were surveyed and tested for malaria. An infection was defined as testing positive for Plasmodium falciparum by either a conventional or novel highly sensitive rapid diagnostic test. Seropositivity to the early transcribed membrane protein 5 antigen 1 represented recent exposure to P. falciparum. Clusters were identified using SaTScan. Associations among individual, household, and environmental risk factors for malaria, recent exposure, and living in spatial clusters of these outcomes were evaluated. Malaria infection was detected in 161 individuals (median age: 15 years). Weighted malaria prevalence was low (0.56%; 95% CI: 0.45-0.70%). Serological evidence of recent exposure was detected in 1,134 individuals. Bed net use, household wealth, and elevation were protective, whereas being febrile, over age 5 years, and living in either households with rudimentary wall material or farther from the road increased the odds of malaria. Two predominant overlapping spatial clusters of infection and recent exposure were identified. Individual, household, and environmental risk factors are associated with the odds of individual risk and recent exposure in Artibonite; spatial clusters are primarily associated with household-level risk factors. Findings from serology testing can further strengthen the targeting of interventions. |
Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Among Adult Former Smoker, Current E-Cigarette Users Results from Wave 1 PATH Study
Christensen CH , Chang JT , Rostron BL , Hammad HT , van Bemmel DM , Del Valle-Pinero AY , Wang B , Mishina EV , Faulcon LM , DePina A , Brown-Baker L , Kimmel HL , Lambert E , Blount BC , Vesper HW , Wang L , Goniewicz ML , Hyland A , Travers MJ , Hatsukami DK , Niaura R , Cummings KM , Taylor KA , Edwards KC , Borek N , Ambrose BK , Chang CM . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021 30 (10) 1947-1955 BACKGROUND: Former smokers who currently use e-cigarettes have lower concentrations of biomarkers of tobacco toxicant exposure than current smokers. It is unclear whether tobacco toxicant exposure reductions may lead to health risk reductions. METHODS: We compared inflammatory biomarkers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), fibrinogen, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1)) and an oxidative stress marker (F2-isoprostane) among 3,712 adult participants in Wave 1 (2013-2014) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study by tobacco user groups: dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes; former smokers who currently use e-cigarettes-only; current cigarette-only smokers; former smokers who do not currently use any tobacco; and never tobacco users. We calculated geometric means (GMs) and estimated adjusted geometric mean ratios (GMRs). RESULTS: Dual users experienced greater concentration of F2-isoprostane than current cigarette-only smokers (GMR 1.09 [95%CI 1.03, 1.15]). Biomarkers were similar between former smokers who currently use e-cigarettes and both former smokers who do not use any tobacco and never tobacco users, but among these groups most biomarkers were lower than those of current cigarette-only smokers. The concentration of F2-isoprostane decreased by time since smoking cessation among both exclusive e-cigarette users (p-trend=0.03) and former smokers who do not currently use any tobacco (p-trend=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Dual users have greater concentration of F2-isoprostane than smokers. Exclusive e-cigarette users have biomarker concentrations that are similar to those of former smokers who do not currently use tobacco, and lower than those of exclusive cigarette smokers. IMPACT: This study contributes to an understanding of the health effects of e-cigarettes. |
Urinary cotinine and cotinine + trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (TNE-2) cut-points for distinguishing tobacco use from non-use in the United States: PATH Study (2013-2014)
Edwards KC , Naz T , Stanton CA , Goniewicz ML , Hatsukami DK , Smith DM , Wang L , Villanti A , Pearson J , Blount BC , Bansal-Travers M , Feng J , Niaura R , Bover Manderski MT , Sosnoff CS , Delnevo CD , Duffy K , Del Valle-Pinero AY , Rostron BL , Everard C , Kimmel HL , van Bemmel DM , Hyland A . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021 30 (6) 1175-1184 BACKGROUND: Determine the overall, sex-, and racially/ethnically-appropriate population-level cotinine and total nicotine equivalents (TNE-2, the molar sum of the two major nicotine metabolites) cut-points to distinguish tobacco users from non-users across multiple definitions of use (e.g., exclusive vs. polytobacco, and daily vs. non-daily). METHODS: Using Wave 1 (2013-2014) of the U.S. Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, we conducted weighted Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analysis to determine the optimal urinary cotinine and TNE-2 cut-points, stratified by sex and race/ethnicity. RESULTS: For past 30-day exclusive cigarette users, the cotinine cut-point that distinguished them from non-users was 40.5 ng/mL, with considerable variation by sex (male: 22.2 ng/mL; female: 43.1 ng/mL) and between racial/ethnic groups (non-Hispanic other: 5.2 ng/mL; non-Hispanic black: 297.0 ng/mL). A similar, but attenuated, pattern emerged when assessing polytobacco cigarette users (overall cut-point= 39.1 ng/mL, range= 5.5 ng/mL- 80.4 ng/mL) and any tobacco users (overall cut-point= 39.1 ng/mL, range= 4.8 ng/mL- 40.0 ng/mL). Using TNE-2, which is less impacted by racial differences in nicotine metabolism, produced a comparable pattern of results although reduced the range magnitude. CONCLUSIONS: Due to similar frequency of cigarette use among polytobacco users, overall cut-points for exclusive cigarette use were not substantially different from cut-points that included polytobacco cigarette use or any tobacco use. Results revealed important differences in sex and race/ethnicity appropriate cut-points when evaluating tobacco use status and established novel urinary TNE-2 cut-points. IMPACT: These cut-points may be used for biochemical verification of self-reported tobacco use in epidemiologic studies and clinical trials. |
Exposure to nicotine and toxicants among dual users of tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, 2013-2014
Smith DM , Christensen C , van Bemmel D , Borek N , Ambrose B , Erives G , Niaura R , Edwards KC , Stanton CA , Blount BC , Wang L , Feng J , Jarrett JM , Ward CD , Hatsukami D , Hecht SS , Kimmel HL , Travers M , Hyland A , Goniewicz ML . Nicotine Tob Res 2021 23 (5) 790-797 INTRODUCTION: Concurrent use of tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes ("dual use") is common among tobacco users. Little is known about differences in demographics and toxicant exposure among subsets of dual users. AIMS AND METHODS: We analyzed data from adult dual users (current every/some day users of tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes, n = 792) included in the PATH Study Wave 1 (2013-2014) and provided urine samples. Samples were analyzed for biomarkers of exposure to nicotine and selected toxicants (tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK [NNAL], lead, cadmium, naphthalene [2-naphthol], pyrene [1-hydroxypyrene], acrylonitrile [CYMA], acrolein [CEMA], and acrylamide [AAMA]). Subsets of dual users were compared on demographic, behavioral, and biomarker measures to exclusive cigarette smokers (n = 2411) and exclusive e-cigarette users (n = 247). RESULTS: Most dual users were predominant cigarette smokers (70%), followed by daily dual users (13%), non-daily concurrent dual users (10%), and predominant vapers (7%). Dual users who smoked daily showed significantly higher biomarker concentrations compared with those who did not smoke daily. Patterns of e-cigarette use had little effect on toxicant exposure. Dual users with high toxicant exposure were generally older, female, and smoked more cigarettes per day. Dual users who had low levels of biomarkers of exposure were generally younger, male, and smoked non-daily. CONCLUSIONS: In 2013-2014, most dual users smoked cigarettes daily and used e-cigarettes occasionally. Cigarette smoking appears to be the primary driver of toxicant exposure among dual users, with little-to-no effect of e-cigarette use on biomarker levels. Results reinforce the need for dual users to stop smoking tobacco cigarettes to reduce toxicant exposure. IMPLICATIONS: With considerable dual use of tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes in the United States, it is important to understand differences in toxicant exposure among subsets of dual users, and how these differences align with user demographics. Findings suggest most dual users smoke daily and use e-cigarettes intermittently. Low exposure to toxicants was most common among younger users, males, and intermittent smokers; high exposure to toxicants was most common among older users, females, and heavier cigarette smokers. Results underscore the heterogeneity occurring within dual users, and the need to quit smoking cigarettes completely in order to reduce toxicant exposure. |
Biomarkers of exposure among USA adult hookah users: Results from wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study (2013-2014)
Travers MJ , Rivard C , Sharma E , Retzky S , Yucesoy B , Goniewicz ML , Stanton CA , Chen J , Callahan-Lyon P , Kimmel HL , Xia B , Wang Y , Sosnoff CS , De Jesús VR , Blount BC , Hecht SS , Hyland A . Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020 17 (17) Hookah smoking has become common in the USA, especially among young adults. This study measured biomarkers of exposure to known tobacco product toxicants in a population-based sample of exclusive, established hookah users. Urinary biomarker data from 1753 adults in Wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study were used to compare geometric mean concentrations of biomarkers of exposure in exclusive, established past 30-day hookah users to never users of tobacco. Geometric mean ratios were calculated comparing hookah user groups with never users adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, past 30-day marijuana use, secondhand smoke exposure and creatinine. Past 30-day hookah users (n = 98) had 10.6 times the urinary cotinine level of never tobacco users. Compared to never tobacco users, past 30-day hookah users had 2.3 times the level of the carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a metabolite of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), 1.3 times higher polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 3-hydroxyfluorene and 1-hydroxypyrene, 1.8 times higher levels of acrylonitrile, 1.3 times higher levels of acrylamide, and 1.2 times higher levels of acrolein exposure. These data indicate that hookah use is a significant source of exposure to nicotine, carcinogens, and respiratory toxicants. |
Biomarkers of exposure among adult smokeless tobacco users in the population assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (Wave 1, 2013-14)
Cheng YC , Reyes-Guzman CM , Christensen CH , Rostron BL , Edwards KC , Wang L , Feng J , Jarrett JM , Ward CD , Xia B , Kimmel HL , Conway K , Leggett C , Taylor K , Lawrence C , Niaura R , Travers MJ , Hyland A , Hecht SS , Hatsukami DK , Goniewicz ML , Borek N , Blount BC , van Bemmel DM . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020 29 (3) 659-667 BACKGROUND: Monitoring population-level toxicant exposures from smokeless tobacco (SLT) use is important for assessing population health risks due to product use. In this study, we assessed tobacco biomarkers of exposure (BOEs) among SLT users from the Wave 1 (2013-14) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. METHODS: Urinary biospecimens were collected from adults aged 18 and older. Biomarkers of nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), metals, and inorganic arsenic were analyzed and reported among exclusive current established SLT users in comparison to exclusive current established cigarette smokers, dual SLT and cigarette users, and never tobacco users. RESULTS: In general, SLT users (n=448) have significantly higher concentrations of biomarkers of exposure to nicotine, TSNAs and PAHs compared to never tobacco users; significant dose-response relationships between frequency of SLT use and biomarker concentrations were also reported among exclusive SLT daily users. Exclusive SLT daily users have higher geometric mean concentrations of total nicotine equivalent-2 (TNE2) and TSNAs than exclusive cigarette daily smokers. In contrast, geometric mean concentrations of PAHs and VOCs were substantially lower among exclusive SLT daily users than exclusive cigarette daily smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Our study produced a comprehensive assessment of SLT product use and 52 biomarkers of tobacco exposure. Compared to cigarette smokers, SLT users experience greater concentrations of some tobacco toxicants, including nicotine and TSNAs. IMPACT: Our data add information on the risk assessment of exposure to SLT-related toxicants. High levels of harmful constituents in SLT remain a health concern. |
Biomarkers of exposure among U.S. Adult cigar smokers: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 (2013-2014)
Chang CM , Rostron BL , Chang JT , Corey CG , Kimmel HL , Sosnoff CS , Goniewicz ML , Edwards KC , Hatsukami DK , Wang Y , Del Valle-Pinero AY , Yang M , Travers MJ , Arnstein S , Taylor K , Conway K , Ambrose BK , Borek N , Hyland A , Wang L , Blount BC , van Bemmel DM . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019 28 (5) 943-953 BACKGROUND: Given the diverse cigar market and limited data on biomarker patterns by cigar type, we compared biomarkers of nicotine and tobacco toxicants among cigar smokers and other groups. METHODS: Using Wave 1 urinary biomarker data from 5,604 adults in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, we compared geometric mean concentrations among cigar-only smokers (all cigars and separately for traditional, cigarillo, and filtered cigars), cigarette-only smokers, dual cigar/cigarette smokers, and never users of tobacco. We calculated geometric mean ratios (GMR) comparing groups with never users adjusting for sex, age, race/ethnicity, education and creatinine. RESULTS: Some day cigar-only smokers had lower biomarker concentrations than every day cigar-only smokers but higher than never users. Every day cigar-only smokers (n=61) had lower TNE-2 (cotinine+trans-3'-hydroxycotinine) compared to every day cigarette-only (n=2217;p<0.0001) and dual cigar/cigarette smokers (n=601;p<0.0001). Several biomarkers, including NNAL (NNK metabolite) and CYMA (metabolite of acrylonitrile), were comparable in these groups. In exploratory analyses, every day filtered cigar-only (n=7) smokers had higher biomarker concentrations compared to every day traditional cigar-only smokers (n=12) and cigarillo-only smokers (n=24). Every day smokers of each cigar type were similar to exclusive cigarette smokers. For some biomarkers, particularly for every day filtered cigar-only smokers, concentrations were higher. CONCLUSIONS: For some biomarkers, every day cigar-only smokers were comparable to every day cigarette-only smokers. Exploratory analyses suggest that biomarkers vary by cigar type with every day filtered cigar-only smokers having the highest concentrations. IMPACT: High exposure to harmful constituents among cigar smokers is a continuing health issue. |
Comparison of nicotine and toxicant exposure in users of electronic cigarettes and combustible cigarettes
Goniewicz ML , Smith DM , Edwards KC , Blount BC , Caldwell KL , Feng J , Wang L , Christensen C , Ambrose B , Borek N , van Bemmel D , Konkel K , Erives G , Stanton CA , Lambert E , Kimmel HL , Hatsukami D , Hecht SS , Niaura RS , Travers M , Lawrence C , Hyland AJ . JAMA Netw Open 2018 1 (8) e185937 Importance: Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is increasing. Measures of exposure to known tobacco-related toxicants among e-cigarette users will inform potential health risks to individual product users. Objectives: To estimate concentrations of tobacco-related toxicants among e-cigarette users and compare these biomarker concentrations with those observed in combustible cigarette users, dual users, and never tobacco users. Design, Setting, and Participants: A population-based, longitudinal cohort study was conducted in the United States in 2013-2014. Cross-sectional analysis was performed between November 4, 2016, and October 5, 2017, of biomarkers of exposure to tobacco-related toxicants collected by the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Participants included adults who provided a urine sample and data on tobacco use (N = 5105). Exposures: The primary exposure was tobacco use, including current exclusive e-cigarette users (n = 247), current exclusive cigarette smokers (n = 2411), and users of both products (dual users) (n = 792) compared with never tobacco users (n = 1655). Main Outcomes and Measures: Geometric mean concentrations of 50 individual biomarkers from 5 major classes of tobacco product constituents were measured: nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Results: Of the 5105 participants, most were aged 35 to 54 years (weighted percentage, 38%; 95% CI, 35%-40%), women (60%; 95% CI, 59%-62%), and non-Hispanic white (61%; 95% CI, 58%-64%). Compared with exclusive e-cigarette users, never users had 19% to 81% significantly lower concentrations of biomarkers of exposure to nicotine, TSNAs, some metals (eg, cadmium and lead), and some VOCs (including acrylonitrile). Exclusive e-cigarette users showed 10% to 98% significantly lower concentrations of biomarkers of exposure, including TSNAs, PAHs, most VOCs, and nicotine, compared with exclusive cigarette smokers; concentrations were comparable for metals and 3 VOCs. Exclusive cigarette users showed 10% to 36% lower concentrations of several biomarkers than dual users. Frequency of cigarette use among dual users was positively correlated with nicotine and toxicant exposure. Conclusions and Relevance: Exclusive use of e-cigarettes appears to result in measurable exposure to known tobacco-related toxicants, generally at lower levels than cigarette smoking. Toxicant exposure is greatest among dual users, and frequency of combustible cigarette use is positively correlated with tobacco toxicant concentration. These findings provide evidence that using combusted tobacco cigarettes alone or in combination with e-cigarettes is associated with higher concentrations of potentially harmful tobacco constituents in comparison with using e-cigarettes alone. |
Implementing adolescent sexual and reproductive health clinical best practice in the Bronx, New York
Travers M , O'Uhuru D , Mueller T , Bedell J . J Adolesc Health 2018 64 (3) 376-381 PURPOSE: Inequitable access to quality adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) care may contribute to the high rate of teen pregnancy in the Bronx, New York. Bronx Teens Connection (BxTC), a community-wide intervention, sought to increase the number of ASRH best practices implemented and the number of females 12-19 years old receiving services by health centers in the Bronx. METHODS: To promote best practices, BxTC provided training and technical assistance to partnering health centers from 2011 to 2014. Health center staff completed a 26-item survey annually to document clinic practices and service utilization. Significance of changes was assessed with paired t tests. RESULTS: BxTC provided 285 hours of training and technical assistance to 12 partnering health centers. Eight health centers consistently completed the survey. Of the possible 31 ASRH best practices, the average number implemented increased from 23 in 2011 to 28 in 2014. Increases in unduplicated female adolescent patients were observed among Hispanics/Latinas (p=.026) and all females aged 15-17 (p=.035). Contraceptive coverage reported by six of the eight health centers increased among Hispanic/Latinas (32%-55%, p=.006), patients ages 15-17 (33%-53%, p=.005), and patients 18-19 (38%-56%, p=.036). The total number of hormonal implants provided to teens increased from two in 2011 to 173 in 2014. CONCLUSIONS: Other jurisdictions may consider prioritizing clinical linkages in order to improve ASRH outcomes by supporting best practices and expanding access to services in the most disinvested neighborhoods. |
Use of oral cholera vaccine and knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding safe water, sanitation and hygiene in a long-standing refugee camp, Thailand, 2012-2014
Scobie HM , Phares CR , Wannemuehler KA , Nyangoma E , Taylor EM , Fulton A , Wongjindanon N , Aung NR , Travers P , Date K . PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016 10 (12) e0005210 Oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) are relatively new public health interventions, and limited data exist on the potential impact of OCV use on traditional cholera prevention and control measures-safe water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH). To assess OCV acceptability and knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) regarding cholera and WaSH, we conducted cross-sectional surveys, 1 month before (baseline) and 3 and 12 months after (first and second follow-up) a preemptive OCV campaign in Maela, a long-standing refugee camp on the Thailand-Burma border. We randomly selected households for the surveys, and administered questionnaires to female heads of households. In total, 271 (77%), 187 (81%), and 199 (85%) households were included in the baseline, first and second follow-up surveys, respectively. Anticipated OCV acceptability was 97% at baseline, and 91% and 85% of household members were reported to have received 1 and 2 OCV doses at first follow-up. Compared with baseline, statistically significant differences (95% Wald confidence interval not overlapping zero) were noted at first and second follow-up among the proportions of respondents who correctly identified two or more means of cholera prevention (62% versus 78% and 80%), reported boiling or treating drinking water (19% versus 44% and 69%), and washing hands with soap (66% versus 77% and 85%); a significant difference was also observed in the proportion of households with soap available at handwashing areas (84% versus 90% and 95%), consistent with reported behaviors. No significant difference was noted in the proportion of households testing positive for Escherichia coli in stored household drinking water at second follow-up (39% versus 49% and 34%). Overall, we observed some positive, and no negative changes in cholera- and WaSH-related KAPs after an OCV campaign in Maela refugee camp. OCV campaigns may provide opportunities to reinforce beneficial WaSH-related KAPs for comprehensive cholera prevention and control. |
Design and methods of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study
Hyland A , Ambrose BK , Conway KP , Borek N , Lambert E , Carusi C , Taylor K , Crosse S , Fong GT , Cummings KM , Abrams D , Pierce JP , Sargent J , Messer K , Bansal-Travers M , Niaura R , Vallone D , Hammond D , Hilmi N , Kwan J , Piesse A , Kalton G , Lohr S , Pharris-Ciurej N , Castleman V , Green VR , Tessman G , Kaufman A , Lawrence C , van Bemmel DM , Kimmel HL , Blount B , Yang L , O'Brien B , Tworek C , Alberding D , Hull LC , Cheng YC , Maklan D , Backinger CL , Compton WM . Tob Control 2016 26 (4) 371-378 BACKGROUND: This paper describes the methods and conceptual framework for Wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study data collection. The National Institutes of Health, through the National Institute on Drug Abuse, is partnering with the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Center for Tobacco Products to conduct the PATH Study under a contract with Westat. METHODS: The PATH Study is a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort study of 45 971 adults and youth in the USA, aged 12 years and older. Wave 1 was conducted from 12 September 2013 to 15 December 2014 using Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interviewing to collect information on tobacco-use patterns, risk perceptions and attitudes towards current and newly emerging tobacco products, tobacco initiation, cessation, relapse behaviours and health outcomes. The PATH Study's design allows for the longitudinal assessment of patterns of use of a spectrum of tobacco products, including initiation, cessation, relapse and transitions between products, as well as factors associated with use patterns. Additionally, the PATH Study collects biospecimens from consenting adults aged 18 years and older and measures biomarkers of exposure and potential harm related to tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS: The cumulative, population-based data generated over time by the PATH Study will contribute to the evidence base to inform FDA's regulatory mission under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act and efforts to reduce the Nation's burden of tobacco-related death and disease. |
A user-centered model for designing consumer mobile health application (apps)
Schnall R , Rojas M , Bakken S , Brown W , Carballo-Dieguez A , Carry M , Gelaude D , Mosley JP , Travers J . J Biomed Inform 2016 60 243-51 BACKGROUND: Mobile technologies are a useful platform for the delivery of health behavior interventions. Yet little work has been done to create a rigorous and standardized process for the design of mobile health (mHealth) apps. This project sought to explore the use of the Information Systems Research (ISR) framework as guide for the design of mHealth apps. METHODS: Our work was guided by the ISR framework which is comprised of 3 cycles: Relevance, Rigor and Design. In the Relevance cycle, we conducted 5 focus groups with 33 targeted end-users. In the Rigor cycle, we performed a review to identify technology-based interventions for meeting the health prevention needs of our target population. In the ISR Design Cycle, we employed usability evaluation methods to iteratively develop and refine mock-ups for a mHealth app. RESULTS: Through an iterative process, we identified barriers and facilitators to the use of mHealth technology for HIV prevention for high-risk MSM, developed 'use cases' and identified relevant functional content and features for inclusion in a design document to guide future app development. Findings from our work support the use of the ISR framework as a guide for designing future mHealth apps. DISCUSSION: Results from this work provide detailed descriptions of the user-centered design and system development and have heuristic value for those venturing into the area of technology-based intervention work. Findings from this study support the use of the ISR framework as a guide for future mobile health (mHealth) app development. CONCLUSION: Use of the ISR framework is a potentially useful approach for the design of a mobile app that incorporates end-users' design preferences. |
Mass vaccination with a two-dose oral cholera vaccine in a long-standing refugee camp, Thailand
Phares CR , Date K , Travers P , Deglise C , Wongjindanon N , Ortega L , Bhuket PR . Vaccine 2015 34 (1) 128-33 BACKGROUND: During 2005-2012, surveillance in Maela refugee camp, Thailand, identified four cholera outbreaks, with rates up to 10.7 cases per 1000 refugees. In 2013, the Thailand Ministry of Public Health sponsored a two-dose oral cholera vaccine (OCV) campaign for the approximately 46,000 refugees living in Maela. METHODS: We enumerated the target population (refugees living in Maela who are ≥1 year old and not pregnant) in a census three months before the campaign and issued barcoded OCV cards to each individual. We conducted the campaign using a fixed-post strategy during two eight-day rounds plus one two-day round for persons who had missed their second dose and recorded vaccine status for each individual. To identify factors associated with no vaccination (versus at least one dose) and those associated with adverse events following immunization (AEFI), we used separate marginal log-binomial regression models with robust variance estimates to account for household clustering. RESULTS: A total of 63,057 OCV doses were administered to a target population of 43,485 refugees. An estimated 35,399 (81%) refugees received at least one dose and 27,658 (64%) received two doses. A total of 993 additional doses (1.5%) were wasted including 297 that were spat out. Only 0.05% of refugees, mostly children, could not be vaccinated due to repeated spitting. Characteristics associated with no vaccination (versus at least one dose) included age ≥15 years (versus 1-14 years), Karen ethnicity (versus any other ethnicity) and, only among adults 15-64 years old, male sex. Passive surveillance identified 84 refugees who experienced 108 AEFI including three serious but coincidental events. The most frequent AEFI were nausea (49%), dizziness (38%), and fever (30%). Overall, AEFI were more prevalent among young children and older adults. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that mass vaccination in refugee camps with a two-dose OCV is readily achievable and AEFI are few. |
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